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　　The electromotive force of a battery, also known as the standard voltage or theoretical voltage of the battery, is the potential difference between the positive and negative poles when the battery is disconnected.

　　Rated voltage

　　Rated voltage (or nominal voltage) refers to the recognized standard voltage for the operation of the electrochemical system's battery.

　　Open circuit voltage

　　The open circuit voltage of a battery is the battery voltage under no load conditions. The open circuit voltage is not equal to the electromotive force of the battery. It must be pointed out that the electromotive force of a battery is calculated from thermodynamic functions, while the open circuit voltage of the battery is actually measured.

　　working voltage

　　It refers to the actual discharge voltage of a battery under a certain load, usually referring to a voltage range.

　　(5) Termination voltage

　　It refers to the voltage value at the end of discharge, which varies depending on the load and usage requirements.

　　Charging voltage

　　Refers to the voltage at which the DC voltage of the external circuit charges the battery. The general charging voltage should be greater than the open circuit voltage of the battery, usually within a certain range

　　internal resistance

　　The internal resistance of a battery includes the resistance of the positive and negative electrode plates, the resistance of the electrolyte, the resistance of the separator, and the resistance of the connecting body.

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