Development of lithium battery

　　After exploration, people gradually fell in love with lithium. Lithium is element 3 in the periodic table. It is light in weight. Lithium has a mass of six atomic units. It can release electric charge. In contrast, zinc, which has a mass of 65 atomic units, can release two charges and the same amount of charge. Lithium is much lighter. Lithium has a high energy density. With the same battery quality, it can release more energy. High energy density is the most important advantage of lithium ion batteries. In fact, Edison invented the lithium ion battery 100 years ago. Because of its very active chemical properties, lithium can easily react with other substances. For this reason, lithium ion batteries have been hidden in snow since their invention. It was shelved for more than 100 years until 1991 when Sony introduced 18650 batteries. A friend playing with a model airplane may know that the 18650 battery is similar to the No. 5 battery. The 18650 lithium ion battery has the advantages of simple structure, stable performance, low cost, etc., and is widely used in the fields of charging treasure, notebook computers, etc. Since then, people have begun to re study lithium-ion batteries. What is the basic principle of lithium ion battery? Lithium ion battery is a rechargeable battery. Lithium ion battery consists of four parts. The first part is the positive electrode, the second part is the negative electrode, and the third part is the intermediate diaphragm. The function of this diaphragm is to prevent electrons from passing through. The fourth part is the electrolyte between the positive and negative electrodes, which is a paste material. So, why can these four components be powered on? First, let's talk about the charging process. When charging, connect the positive and negative poles with the external circuit. At this time, you can charge. When a battery is used, the lithium atom of the positive electrode will be decomposed into electrons and lithium ions. The electrons flow along the external circuit to the negative. Lithium ions also flow to the negative electrode through the diaphragm in the electrolyte. On the cathode, electrons and lithium ions meet again and then change back to lithium atoms. In fact, during the charging process, lithium atoms in the positive electrode flow to the negative electrode. The process of lithium atom changing into ions and electrons at the positive pole is called deinking, and the process of lithium ion changing into lithium atom at the negative pole is called insertion. Next, let's talk about the discharge process. Why do recharged batteries discharge? The rechargeable battery accumulates a large number of lithium atoms on the negative electrode. At this point, we connect an external circuit. When there is no external power stimulus, lithium atoms cannot stay on the negative electrode. It breaks down into electrons and lithium ions. Electrons flow back to the positive electrode along the external circuit, and lithium ions flow back to the positive electrode from the electrolytic solution. The two atoms merge and become lithium again. The discharge process is a process in which lithium atoms move from the negative electrode to the positive electrode. The ionization of lithium atoms on the negative electrode is called deinsertion, and the ionization of lithium atoms on the negative electrode becomes lithium atoms, which is called intercalation. The process of charging and discharging is the process of lithium atoms swinging back and forth at the positive and negative poles, so lithium ion batteries are also called swinging batteries. Theoretically, lithium atoms will not be lost in the process of swinging back and forth, but in fact, lithium atoms will be lost in the reaction with electrolyte. At present, the research of lithium ion battery mainly focuses on the positive and negative electrode materials. We know that pure lithium cannot be used, but some things must be used to load lithium atoms. What materials are used? Now people basically have a unified view that graphite is used as negative electrode. Graphite is a layered structure, and many lithium atoms can be stored between layers. If iron phosphate is used as the cathode material, the battery is a lithium iron phosphate battery. There is another material used for positive electrode, called ternary material, which is now more mainstream. The ternary materials are nickel, cobalt, manganese (or aluminum), and nickel can improve the energy density of the battery. The more nickel, the higher the energy density of the battery. Cobalt is used to stabilize batteries. Manganese or aluminum is used as a support material to reduce the cost of the battery. When these three materials are mixed in a certain proportion, they become ternary materials

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