Anode materials for lithium ion batteries.12v deep cycle marine battery

　　In the early research of lithium-ion batteries, metal lithium was mainly used as the negative electrode. However, during the charging process, lithium precipitation occurred on the surface of the negative electrode, which eventually led to battery short circuit and caused safety problems. The application of lithium intercalation compounds in the negative electrode is the key to the successful commercialization of lithium ion batteries. At present, carbon anode materials are more mature.

　　Carbon anode materials mainly include graphite, graphitized materials and amorphous carbon materials. Graphite material is the earliest commercialized lithium-ion anode material, including natural graphite and artificial graphite. The carbon atoms are bonded by SP2 hybrid orbital, arranged in hexagonal shape, and extended in two-dimensional direction. The layers are combined by van der Waals force to form layered microcrystalline structure. At room temperature, lithium can be embedded into every six carbon atoms in pure graphite materials. The theoretical expression is LiCs, and the theoretical capacity is 372mAh/g. The interlayer spacing of graphite after lithium intercalation increased from 0.335 nm to 0.370 nm.

　　The degree of graphitization of carbon materials, also known as the degree of order, will affect the actual lithium intercalation capacity of materials. Table 1-1 shows the crystallinity and actual lithium intercalation capacity of several graphite materials. Among them, the specific capacity and crystallinity of natural graphite are higher than those of the three artificial graphite materials in the table, but the capacity retention rate and cost of natural graphite materials are not as high as that of artificial graphite. In addition, the particle size, specific surface area and surface functional groups of graphite materials also affect the electrochemical properties of graphite materials.

　　Amorphous carbon materials mainly include hard carbon 1] and soft carbon [], which have high specific capacity. However, during the first lithium intercalation process, there is a large irreversible capacity loss, which limits its commercial application.

　　Among non-carbon materials, metal oxide materials, silicon-based materials, alloy materials and metal sulfide materials are mainly studied at present.

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